History of Neo-Classical Era Architecture
Materials / Styles
- High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture.
- It tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes.
- Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat.
- Sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels.
- Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.
- Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations.
- Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.
Famous Architects
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Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov (Russian: Матве́й Фёдорович Казако́в, 1738 – 7 November 1812) was a Russian Neoclassical architect. Kazakov was one of the most influential Muscovite architects during the reign of Catherine II, completing numerous private residences, two royal palaces, two hospitals, Moscow University, and the Kremlin Senate. Most of his works were destroyed by the Fire of 1812; they were later rebuilt with various degrees of alteration.
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Roman Ivanovich Klein (Russian: Роман Иванович Клейн), born Robert Julius Klein, was a Russian architect and educator, best known for his Neoclassical Pushkin Museum in Moscow. Klein, an eclectic, was one of the most prolific architects of his period, second only to Fyodor Schechtel. In the 1880s-1890s, he practiced Russian Revival and Neo-Gothic exteriors; in the 1900s, his knowledge of Roman and Byzantine classical architecture allowed him to integrate into the Neoclassical revival trend of that period.
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Hack Kampmann (September 6, 1856 – June 27, 1920) was a Danish architect and professor of architecture at the architecture department of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen.